The urinary metabolomics of Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes reveal possible therapeutic mechanisms in the treatment of type 2 diabetes / 药学学报

sup>1H NMR-based metabonomic analysis was used to elucidate the hypoglycemic mechanism of Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes. Thirty-seven SD rats were divided into four groups: model group (M group), control group (C group), Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes group (HS group), metformin group (Y group). A T2DM model was induced with a high fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Drug was continuously administered for 8 weeks, after which blood and the kidneys were collected to determine the biochemical index and the kidney coefficients of each group. Using 1H NMR metabolomics technology, we measured the metabolites in the urine of rats in each group to identify appropriate biomarkers. The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (L-DLC), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and the kidney coefficients were significantly increased with high density lipoprotein (H-DLC) significantly decreased in the diabetic group, but these changes were largely reversed with treatment with Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes. A total of 20 biomarkers were found in rat urine in the diabetic group and Astragalus Radix and Dioscoreae could reverse the changes of 16 of these metabolites to varying degrees, similar to that of metformin (200 mg·kg-1). The changes in metabolomics mainly involved butanoate metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, and pyruvate metabolism. Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes and Astragalus Radix may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of diabetes through the above five metabolic pathways, revealing the possible therapeutic mechanisms for Dioscoreae Rhizomacomes and Astragalus Radix.

Clinical features and prognosis of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction comorbid with diabetes mellitus / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical features of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) comorbid with diabetes mellitus (DM) and to analyze the prognosis within 12 months after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pre-PCI). Methods A total of 375 STEMI patients were divided into the diabetes group (n=140) and the normal blood glucose group(n=235) according to whether they met the diagnostic criteria of DH. The clinical data,characteristics of coronary artery lesions,type of stent implant,rate of coronary slow flow or no-reflow after pre-PCI, and the prognosis within 12 months after PCI of the two groups were investigated.Results Patient in the diabetes group presented with higher mean age ,higher comorbid rates of hypertension , hyperlipidemia and heart function of Killip class Ш and above than patients in the normal blood glucose group (all P<0.05). patients in the diabetes group had higher rates of slow reflow /no-reflow after PCI(12.9% vs.5.5%,P=0.013),higher percentages of 3-ressel disease(40.7% vs. 28.9%,P=0.019)and lef t main lesions(13.6% vs. 7.2%,P=0.044). The in-hospital mortality rates(6.4% vs.1.7%,P=0.020),revascularization rates within 12 months(7.9% vs.0.9%,P=0.001)and incidence of heart failure(7.9% vs. 2.6%,P=0.017)were all higher in the diabetes group. Conclusions STEMI patients comorbid with DM were relatively older, had higher comorbidities of hypertension,hyperlipidemia, three-vessel disease, left main coronary lesions and higher mortality during hospitalization. No significant increase in cardiac death and recurrent myocardial infarction were deserved during the follow-up period. These patients may benefit more from early intervention.

Study on diagnosis criteria of fire-heat syndrome based on receiver operating characteristic curve and principal component analysis / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the diagnostic quantitative criteria for fire-heat syndrome (FHS) of Chinese medicine (CM) based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and principal component analysis (PCA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The symptoms and signs of FHS cases and healthy subjects from Guangzhou, Henan and Hunan of China were collected through questionnaire, and the diagnostic quantitative score tables were established for the three regions, respectively, with the method of maximum likelihood analysis. The homogeneity test was then performed on the diagnostic score tables for the three regions with ROC curve, and the diagnostic efficiency of diagnostic score tables for the three regions was compared with the prospective test and retrospective test. The method of PCA was adopted to obtain the analysis matrix for classifying the tapes of FHS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-seven elements of FHS were confirmed through Chi-square test, and the diagnostic score tables for the three regions were established with the method of maximum likelihood analysis on the basis of the collected case data. According to the ROC curve test, the areas under ROC curve of Guangzhou diagnostic score table assessment with candidates in Guangzhou, Henan and Hunan were 0.998, 0.961 and 0.956, respectively. It showed that the diagnostic efficiency of Guangzhou diagnostic score tables was the highest one. With the prospective test, the area under ROC of Guangzhou diagnostic score table was 0.949, and more than any other diagnostic score table. By PCA, FHS was classified into excess fire and deficiency fire, and then classified into syndrome of flaring up of Heart (Xin) fire, syndrome of Lung (Fei)-Stomach (Wei) excess fire, syndrome of deficiency of Liver (Gan)-yin and Kidney (Shen)-yin, and syndrome of deficiency of Lung-yin from the view of viscera. In the retrospective test, the consistency with clinicians' diagnosis was 69.4%, and in the prospective test, it was 70.1%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The Guangzhou diagnostic score table could be used as the recommended criteria for the diagnosis of FHS. The classification of FHS was basically in conformity with the clinical situation.</p>

Prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development by modulating heme oxygenase-1-endogenous carbon monoxide system in rabbit model / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide (HO-1/CO) system on lipid deposition at aortic intima and the mechanism involved in hyperlipidemic rabbits.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 32 rabbits, were divided into four groups. One group as control. Three groups for the following treatments: 1.5% cholesterol ration (Ch group, n = 8); 1.5% cholesterol ration plus HO-1 inducer hemin (Hm group, n = 8); and instead of hemin, the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin IX (Zn group, n = 8) was given by injection into the abdominal cavity. Experiments were lasted for 12 weeks. Rabbit aortas were then isolated as the samples for histopathologic and ultrastructural examination. The protein expressions of HO-1 and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were investigated by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Comparing with the Ch group, rabbits of the Hm group showed a remarkably less extent of lipid deposition at the aortic intima [(17.9 ± 3.0)% vs (54.0 ± 4.2)%], and rabbits of the Zn group had a marked extent of lesion development [(61.1 ± 3.5)%]. Lipid deposition, endothelial damage and neo-intimal formation were less severe in rabbits of the Hm group than those in the Zn or Ch group, respectively. Comparing with the control group, rabbits of the Ch group showed a significant decrease of aortic NO production and cNOS activity. However, there were an enhancement of CO production and HO-1 activity (P < 0.01). Compared with Ch group, rabbits of the Hm group showed a remarkable elevation of aortic HO activity and CO production, whereas rabbits of the Zn group showed a marked decrease of both parameters. Compared with the Ch group, rabbits of the Hm group demonstrated a marked reduction of aorta ET-1 expression, whereas Zn group had a significantly higher ET-1 expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Modulation of HO-1/CO system may improve vascular endothelial function and inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, likely through a compensatory mechanism and a reduction of ET-1 expression, eventually leading to an inhibition of atherosclerotic plaque development.</p>

Mechanism of action of butylphalide against the injury following oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation in rat cortical neurons / 药学学报

To explore the mechanism of action of butylphalide (NBP) against the injury following oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in rat cortical neurons, neurons of Wistar newborn rats were prepared by filtering through a mesh, centrifugation and trypsogen digestion. A simple, stable and reliable in vitro model of OGD/R of neurons was established. We studied the activation, the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 and the mRNA expression of iNOS affected by NBP in each group neuron by RT-PCR. NBP is proved to be able to add cellular vigor and decrease LDH release. The mRNA expression of iNOS in neurons after OGD 4 h/R 8 h decreased when treated with NBP. There is statistical difference between each concentration of NBP that it adds cellular vigor, decreases LDH release and expression of iNOS in neurons after OGD 4 h/R 8 h. There is also statistical difference between NBP (100 micromol x L(-1)) and PDTC (100 micromol x L(-1)). It is proved that NBP can protect neurons, block upregulation of iNOS mRNA, and restrain activation of NF-kappaB in neurons.

Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide are key mediators for vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation induced by insulin-like growth factor-I / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the role and related mechanisms of heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide (HO-1/CO) on VSMCs proliferation induced by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VSMCs isolated from rabbit aorta were cultured in vitro and proliferation was induced by IGF-I. Hemin (a substrate and inducer of HO-1) or zinc protoporphyrin-IX (Znpp-IX, an inhibitor of HO-1) was added to stimulate or inhibit the expression of HO-1. The mRNA and protein expressions of HO-1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. CO released into the culture media was quantitated by measuring carbon monoxide hemoglobin (COHb), VSMCs proliferation and cell cycle were determined by (3)H-TdR incorporation assay and flow cytometry, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The HO-1 mRNA and protein expressions in VSMCs and the amount of COHb in the culture media were significantly increased and the IGF-I-induced (3)H-TdR incorporations of VSMCs significantly reduced by hemin in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). Furthermore, VSMCs in the G(0)/G(1) phase were increased and in the S and G(2)/M phase decreased by hemin (P < 0.01). Opposite results were observed in VSMCs treated with Znpp-IX.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Endogenous HO-1 and CO are important mediators for inhibiting IGF-I induced VSMCs proliferation by reducing VSMCs DNA synthesis and decelerating cell cycle progression.</p>

Applitation of dl-3-n-Butylphthalide in Central Nervous System Disease(review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#dl-3-n-Butylphthalide can be applied in many areas of central nervous system diseases,such as cerebral ischemia,cerebral trauma,dysmnesia,convulsion,and so on.This paper reviewed the effect and mechanism of it.